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| eois parties between themselves for the conquest of political power that is to say for the power and right to dominate the masses and exploit them. To whomsoever doubts it we should only have to show what is happenings in Germany where the organs of Social Democracy sing hymns of joy on seeing a Congress (at Eisenach) of professors of bourgeois political economy recommending the proletariat of Germany to the high and pater center mortgage usa nal protection of States and in the parts of Switzerland where the Marxian programme prevails at Geneva Zurich Basel where the International has descended to the point of being no longer anything more than a sort of electoral box for the profit of the Radical center mortgage usa bourgeois. These incontestable facts seem to me to be more eloquent than any words. They are real and logical in this sense that they are a natural effect of the triumph of Marxian propaganda. And it is for that reason that we fight the Marxian theories to the death convinced that if they could triumph throughout the International they would certainly not fail to kill at least its spirit everywhere as they have already done in very greatpart in the countries just mentioned. The instinctive passion of the masses for economic equality is so great that if they could hope to receive it from th center mortgage usa e hands of despotism they would indubitably and without much reflection do as they have often done before and deliver themselves to despotism. Happily historic experience has been of some service even with the masses. To-day they are beginning everywhere to understand th center mortgage usa at no despotism has nor can have either the will or the power to give them economic equality. The programme of the International is very happily explicit on this question. The emancipation of the toilers cart be the work only of the toilers themselves. Is it not astonishing that Marx has believed it possible to graft on this nevertheless so precise declaration which he probably drafted himself his scientific Socialism? That is to say the organisation and the government of the new society by Socialistic scientists and professors--the worst of all despotic government! But thanks to this great beloved riff raff of the common people who will oppose themselves urged on by an instinct invincible as well as just to all the governmentalist fancies of this little working-class minority already properly disciplined and marshaled to become the myrmidons of a new despotism the scientific Socialism of Marx will always remain as a Marxian dream. This new experience more dismal perhaps than all past experiences will be spared society because the proletariat in general and in all countries is animated to-day by a profound distrust against what is political and against all the politicians in the world whatever their party coolour all of them having equally deceived oppressed exploited--the reddest Republicans just as much as the most absolutist Monarchists. Appendix In I. Berlins Karl Marx His Life and Environment (Home University Library) are reprinted some passages of Bakunins writing which I have not seen elsewhere and which emphasise his views on the State and other passages on the character of Marx. The first selection is as follows We revolutionary anarchists are the enemies of all forms of State and State organisations . we think that all State rule all governments being by their very nature placed outside the mass of the people must necessarily seek to subject it to customs and purposes entirely foreign to it. We therefore declare ourselves to be foes . of all State organisations as such and believe that the people can only be happy and free when organised from below by means of its own autonomous and completely free associations without the supervision of any guardians it will create its own life. We believe power corrupts those who wield it as much as those who are forced to obey it. Under its corrosive influence some become greedy and ambitious tyrants exploiting society in their own interest or in that of their class while others are turned into abject slaves. Intellectuals positivists[22] doctrinaires all those who put science before life . defend the idea of the state as being the only possible salvation of society--quite logically since from their false premises th center mortgage usa at thought comes before life that only abstract theory can form the starting point of social practice . they draw the inevitable conclusion that since such theoretical knowledge is at present possessed by very few these few must be put in possession of social life not only to inspire but to direct all popular movements and that no sooner is the revolution over than a new social organisation must at once be set up not a free association of popular bodies . working in accordance with the needs and instincts of the people but a centralised dictatorial power concentrated in the hands of this academic minority as if they really expressed the popular will. . The difference between such revolutionary dictatorship and the modern State is only one of external trappings. In substance both are a tyranny of the minority over a majority in the name of the people--in the name of the stupidity of the many and the superior wisdom of the few and so they are equally reactionary devising to secure political and economic privilege to the ruling minority and the . enslavement of the masses to destroy the present order only to erect their own rigid dictatorship on its ruins. (pp. 205-6) footnotes (use the go back function of your browser to return to the text) 1. That is the Marxians. 2. i.e. 1871. 3. Historical Materialism. 4. Lassalle lived 1825-64 a brilliant demagogue he popularised (or vulgarised) Marxs teachings and launched the Social Democratic Movement in Germany. His organisation the General Association of German Workers united with the Marxists in 1875. 5. Bakunins use of the term supreme end of history (in the sense of aim or objective) must not be taken to have a teleological signification that is taken to mean that he considered that the nature of things is such that there is a cosmic aim or purpose which informs the whole cosmic activi center mortgage usa ty. Such a theory inevitably involves the notion of some directive intelligence behind Nature and this as a materialist Bakunin absolutely denied. He means by supreme end of history simply the ideal at which the human race should aim as defined by him a few lines further on in the text. As he said in another passage of his works man is part of universal Nature and cannot fight against it But by studying its laws by identifying himself in some sort with them transforming them by a psychological process proper to his brain into ideas and human convictions he emancipates himself from the triple yoke imposed on him firstly by external Nature then by his own individual inward Nature and finally by the society of which he is the product. (Michael Bakunin and Karl Marx p. 337.) 6. Bakunin wrote some years before Pasteurs discovery of a cure for this disease. 7. This of course is an ex center mortgage usa aggeration on Bakunins part. Such vandalism was not common. It was the political convulsions barbarian invasions and endless wars foreign and civil that caused the decline of culture. The Christians tended to neglect and ignore the classical culture rather than persecute it. Of course it is true that the decline and practical extinction of the ancient culture greatly impaired intell center mortgage usa ectual progress. 8. Babeuf (1762-97) formed conspiracy of Equals to seize power in France and introduce an authoritarian equalitarian Communism. Plot discovered and conspirators executed. 9. Blanc Louis (1811-82) advocated State Socialism in France particularly in the period 1840-50. 10. Written in September 1870. 11. Thiers Adolphe (1797-1877) President of the Third Republic in 1871-3. He was primarily responsible for the ruthless suppression of the Paris Commune. 12. It should be kept in mind in reading this and the paragraphs concerning the United States that they were written in 1867 not long after the close of the Civil War. At that time it was center mortgage usa not as easy to see as it is now that the Republican Party was not really a Party of Liberation but the Party of Industrial Capitalism and that the Civil War was fought not to emancipate the slaves but merely to d center mortgage usa ecide whether they should continue as chattel slaves or change their status to that of wage-slaves. 13. A satiric allusion to the reference to Marx by Sorge the German- American delegate at the Hague Conference. 14. Compare James Burnhams center mortgage usa theory in his Managerial Revolution. 15. i.e. 1872. 16. This sentence is of course purely ironical. 17. Radicals--the more progressive wing of the Liberals and standing for social reform and political equalitarianism but not for the abolition of private property or of the wage system. Hence they were not Socialists. The Labour Party of to-day has inherited much of their policy. 18. Written in September 1870. 19. The Marxists and the Lassalleans. They united in 1875. 20. In a previous passage Bakunin had said that Mazzini like the Marxists wanted to use thepeoples strength whereby to.gain political power. 21. This is essentially the line put forward to-day by Labour politicians especially when in Australia they are asking for increased powers for the Federal Government. 22. Followers of Auguste Comte (1798-1857) founder of the science of Sociology. In his later writings Comte advocated a Religion of Humanity to be led by a so | |||||||||||||