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| Freedom! Simon Keller Bosto fha refinance n University 1. The value of freedom While campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000 Senator John McCain was asked in a television interview to explain why he believed that Elian Gonzalez – a young Cuban boy whose mother had died while bringing him by boat to Florida – should remain in the United States. The interviewer wanted to know why a proponent of family values like McCain should be opposed to Elian’s being sent back to live with his family in Cuba. McCain’s response “I believe that the most important family value is freedom.” When John McCain said that the most important family value is freedom he was not talking about the metaphysical problem of freedom he was not saying for example that people have free will in the United States fha refinance but not in Cuba. Whether or not an individual is free in the sense in which McCain was interested depends upon such things as whether or not she has a say in the running of her country whether or not she is imprisoned and whether or not there is a law restricting her ability to travel. The freedom that McCain was talking about is the type of freedom that people are talking about when they speak of the free world or of freedom fighters and when they say that they will live free or die. It is the thing that John Stuart Mill calls civil or social liberty. I will just refer to it freedom or as liberty. Most people seem to think that freedom is valuable. Political movements often unite under the banner of freedom or liberty a political movement might be devoted to women’s fha refinance liberation or to animal liberation or to building a free South Africa or to freedom of speech or to freedom from hunger. Those who seek political office are likely to portray themselves as defenders of freedom. To accuse a poli fha refinance tical rival of wanting to take away our freedom is to employ some of the most inflammatory political rhetoric available. Among political philosophers those who call themselves libertarians liberals republicans or socialists – and probably many others besides – are all likely to say that they consider freedom to be very very important. What is so valuable about freedom? There are some obvious answers. One reason why freedom is valuable is that people tend to be the best judges of what is good for them and so they are more likely to be happy and fulfilled if they are free to live as they think best. Another is that free people are more likely to come up with new ideas that produce benefits for all. Another is that some motivations for violent conflict will be lacking in a free society if all people are granted freedom of religion for example then there is no need for a war to decide which religion should dominate. And freedom might be valuable because a free society is more likely to be economically prosperous or because an unfree society is likely to be inequitable despotic warlike or corrupt or because it is only when people are free that their innate goodness is allowed to bloom. All of these are instrumental reasons why freedom is valuable and none presupposes any controversial moral judgments. There might be disagreement over whether or not freedom really does lead to more economic prosperity and less religious war but most will agree that prosperity is to be encouraged and religious war is not. Further these reasons for valuing freedom are consistent at least at first glance with the idea that freedom is valuable because its effect on the whole is to make people better off. Freedom to put the idea another way is a good thing because of the contribution it makes to individual welfare. Something important will be missing however from any account of the value of freedom that is just a list of the good things that freedom tends to produce. While reasons like those just given account for much of our thought about why freedom is valuable they do not account for all of it. In particular they do not account for the fact that freedom is regularly treated as an autonomous self-sufficient value something that is worth achi fha refinance eving for its own sake. Within contemporary political debate i fha refinance t is not at all unusual for such things as economic prosperity and the absence of corruption tyranny and war to be valued in part because they contribute to freedom rather than the other way around. There is a sense in which someone who is perfectly happy healthy and wealthy can nevertheless lack freedom and there is nothing odd about saying that even in such cases the lack of freedom is to be regretted. Freedom does surely contribute to the realization of a large and disparate class of goods but it also appears to have a distinct value of its own. In this light it looks as though the value of freedom will often come into conflict with the value of welfare because respecting an individual’s freedom for its own sake will sometimes involve leaving her free to do things that make her worse off. 2. Freedom in political debate Nothing much has been said so far about what freedom actually is. And on this question there is a striking lack of agreement even among those who agree that freedom whatever it is is valuable. I don’t know what John McCain meant when he described freedom as a family value but when he suggested that people have more freedom in the United States than in Cuba he probably had in mind the relative lack of legal and political barriers in the US to citizens’ being able to express their opinions profit from their own hard work travel influence government policy and choose their own careers among other things. One supporter of Cu fha refinance ba’s political system Fidel Castro has responded to criticisms like McCain’s in the following way. “I wonder whether it is fair to discuss freedom of expression and thought in a region [the United States] where the immense majority of the people are either totally or functionally illiterate.Every year a trillion dollars is spent on advertising. This rain pours upon the helpless masses that are totally deprived of the necessary elements of judgment to form an opinion and the knowledge required for meditating and discerning.Freedom is impossible without culture [and] education and culture are what the revolution has most abundantly offered to our people.” The interesting point for present purposes is that Castro does not deny that Cuban citizens are fha refinance less able than Americans to speak and move around as they wish but he does deny that these abilities are really what matter for freedom. Similar disagreements I think are to be found between politicians whose ideological differences are less pronounced than those that separate McCain and Castro they are likely to agree about freedom’s importance while disagreeing about its nature. The same is true of political theorists. I mentioned libertarians liberals republicans and socialists. It would be nice to think that while there are many things that set these theorists apart their mutual concern for freedom shows that they at least agree about something. But this agreement is not very deep because each has a different view about what it means to be free. Here is a very very schematic sketch of how things stand. The libertarian thinks that to be free is to use your life body and property in the way that you choose except insofar as doing so involves your infringing upon the rights of others. The liberal says that the free individual is able to live the life that she has autonomously chosen for herself unlike the libertarian the liberal is likely to say that some forcible transfer of wealth from the better off to the worse off enhances freedom overall because it gives the worse off access to the resources that they need in order to pursue their conceptions of the good life. The republican says that true freedom can be held only by those who are genuinely self-governing and a genuinely self-governing person must participate in the political life of her community – regardless of whether or not this form of participation is something that coincides with her chosen use of her life body and property or with an autonomously chosen plan of life. For the socialist the extent to which an individual is free depends deeply upon the relations of power in which she stands to those around her a pe fha refinance rson is not truly free if she has no reasonable option but to sell her labor to members of a different social class or if she is condemned by her circumstances or background to take a sub fha refinance ordinate place in society – regardless again of how she chooses to use her own life body and property of how she views the good life and of whether or not she participates in the political life of her community. When philosophers of these different persuasions imagine societies that they would describe as free they are imagining very different things. It is not easy to make sense of this situation. At one extreme we might conclude that there is a different account of freedom for every different political perspective and that the account of freedom favored by a particular theorist will depend entirely upon the political views to which she is independently committed. On this way of looking at thing fha refinance s when a socialist for example says that only socialism respects the value of freedom we should really understand her as saying that there is a certain thing that she calls “freedom” and that only socialism respects and that we too would call that thing “freedom” if only we were socialists. If you are arguing for a political opinion by saying that it respects the value of freedom runs the thought then you are almost certainly saying something that should only seem convincing to someone who is already on your side. There are drawbacks to this diagnosis. Most obviously it makes nonsense of much political discussion. When people argue about the true nature of freedom they do not take themselves to be ar | |||||||||||||