/**
 * AlphabetUtil:      This class implements some Alphabetic Utilities.
 *                    (primarily capitalize).
 * @version:          1.0
 * @author:           Sean Geraty
 *
 */
public class AlphabetUtil {

  static char[] alphaUpp = new char[] {'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I','J','K','L','M','N','O','P','Q','R','S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z'};
  static char[] alphaLow = new char[] {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z'};
  static char[] vowels = new char[] {'a','e','i','o','u'};
  // array of lower case name prefixes - could be changed as required
  static String[] lowerPrefix = new String[] {"da","de","del","den","der","la","le","of","op","ten","ter","van","von"};

  // private constructor - not to be instantiated
  private AlphabetUtil() {
  }


 /**
  * Application entrypoint - only used to test the capitalize method.
  * @param args[]  the command line arguments
  */
  public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
    if (args.length != 1) {
      System.out.println("USAGE: java AlphabetUtil  word");
      System.out.println("\tword   : The Word Parameter (into capitalize method).");
      System.exit(1);
    }
    System.out.println(capitalize(args[0]));
  }


 /**
  * Capitalizes a name.
  * @param name  A name to capitalize.
  * @return      A <code>String</code> containing the capitalized name.
  */
  public static String capitalize(String name) {
    String tName = name.toLowerCase();
    char c[] = tName.toCharArray();
    boolean bStart = true;
    int iStart = 0;
    char u;
    for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
      if ((u = isAlphaLow(c[i])) != ' ') {
        // Start of a word
        if (bStart) {
          // Handle prefix in previous word - if found, reset to lower case
          if (i > iStart + 2 && isPrefix(tName.substring(iStart, i-1))) {
            c[iStart] = tName.charAt(iStart);
          }
          // Capitalize character and save the start location
          c[i] = u;
          iStart = i;
          bStart = false;
        }
        // Handle Mc... and Mac... - capitalize if appropriate
        else if ((i == iStart + 2) && (tName.substring(iStart, iStart + 2).equals("mc"))) {
          c[i] = u;
        }
        else if ((i == iStart + 3) && (tName.substring(iStart, iStart + 3).equals("mac"))) {
          if ((c[i] == 'i') || (!((c[i] == 'c') || (c[i] == 'k') || isVowel(c[i])))) {
            c[i] = u;
          }
        }
      }
      // Non-alpha found - set start of next word indicator
      else {
        bStart = true;
      }
    }
    return String.valueOf(c);
  }

 /**
  * Checks if a character is a lowercase alphabetic.
  * @param x  The <code>char</code> to check.
  * @return   A <code>char</code> containing an uppercase character or space (for non-alpha).
  */
  public static char isAlphaLow(char x) {
    for (int j = 0; j < alphaLow.length; j++) {
      if (x == alphaLow[j]) {
        return alphaUpp[j];
      }
    }
    return ' ';
  }

 /**
  * Checks a string for a name prefix.
  * @param tWord  The <code>String</code> to check.
  * @return       <code>true</code> for a match.
  */
  public static boolean isPrefix(String tWord) {
    for (int j = 0; j < lowerPrefix.length; j++) {
      if (tWord.equals(lowerPrefix[j])) {
        return true;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }


 /**
  * Checks if a character is a vowel.
  * @param x  The <code>char</code> to check.
  * @return   <code>true</code> if the character is a vowel.
  */
  public static boolean isVowel(char x) {
    for (int j = 0; j < vowels.length; j++) {
      if (x == vowels[j]) {
        return true;
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

}